Fetomaternal tolerance has been shown to depend both on regulatory T cells (Tregs) and negative signals from the PD1-PDL1 costimulatory pathway. More recently, IL-17-producing T cells (Th17) have been recognized…
Leonardo Riella11/2011
Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in T cell differentiation. Delta-like ligand (Dll)4, one of five known Notch ligands, has been implicated in regulating Th2 cell differentiation in animal…
Leonardo Riella09/2011
The programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1)/programmed death 1 (PD1) costimulatory pathway plays an important role in the inhibition of alloimmune responses as well as in the induction and maintenance of…
Leonardo Riella08/2011
Programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a coinhibitory molecule that negatively regulates multiple tolerance checkpoints. In the NOD mouse model, PD-L1 regulates the development of diabetes. PD-L1 has two binding…
Leonardo Riella08/2011
Hypophosphatemia is a common complication after kidney transplant, affecting >90% of patients. However, no specific recommendations for phosphate repletion exist for transplant recipients. We report a case of a 70-year-old…
Leonardo Riella04/2011
The PD1:PDL1 pathway is an essential negative costimulatory pathway that plays a key role in regulating the alloimune response. PDL1 is expressed not only on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) but also…
Leonardo Riella04/2011
Advances in immunosuppression have reduced the incidence of acute graft loss after transplantation, but long-term allograft survival is still hindered by the development of chronic allograft injury, a multifactorial process…
Leonardo Riella11/2010
Blockade of the B7: CD28 costimulatory pathway has emerged as a promising therapy to prevent allograft rejection. However, this pathway has also been demonstrated to be important for the generation…
Leonardo Riella12/2009
Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an infectious illness caused by a Gram-negative rod named Bartonella henselae. Typical CSD is characterized by a small skin lesion at the site of a…
Leonardo Riella06/2004