Reviews

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review aims to highlight the major recent advances in transplantation with regards to basic, translational, and clinical research. RECENT FINDINGS: We describe new concepts in…

Regulatory CD4+ Foxp3+ T cells (Tregs) are critical in controlling immunity and tolerance. Thus, preserving Treg numbers and function in transplanted patients is essential for the successful minimization of maintenance…

Immune rejection is mediated by a complex interplay of cellular and humoral mechanisms. Current therapeutic strategies, which rely on global immunosuppression, can result in serious complications and are not completely…

The Notch signaling pathway is known to play a pivotal role in T- and B-cell development and fate, presenting it as an attractive therapeutic target in alloimmunity. This review provides…

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Acute rejection is the most common complication after vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). This review provides a state-of-the-art analysis of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of acute rejection episodes…

Immune regulation is critical for the maintenance of peripheral self-tolerance and for down-regulation of immune responses. Understanding its mechanisms may permit the development of novel targets for the promotion of…

INTRODUCTION: The concern about nephrotoxicity with calcineurin inhibitors led to the search of novel agents for immunosuppression. Based on the requirement of T-cell co-stimulatory signals to fully activated naïve T…

Understanding immunoregulatory mechanisms is essential for the development of novel interventions to improve long-term allograft survival. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, have emerged as critical…